Biography:

 

 

Vladimir Mironovich Palihata was born on September 23, 1967 in the village Zolotniki, the Terebovlyansky district of the Ternopol region of the Ukrainian SSR.

In 1985-1987, Palihata served in the Soviet Army. In 1991, he graduated from the Electrical Barshchevski College, on electrician major. Palihata was mentioned in the press as a graduate of the Moscow State Academy of Business Administration, the organization management department.

In 1991, Vladimir Palihata moved to Moscow. In 1991-1993, he worked as a manager-forwarder and served as head of a trade-purchasing co-op.

In 1993, Palihata began to engage in private enterprise, acting as an independent trader at the Russian Commodities and Raw Materials and the Moscow Commodity Exchanges.

Since 1997, Vladimir Palihata left the stock market and switched to invest in the real economy. In a subsequent time, he consolidated assets in Russia and Ukraine located at the electrical plants production low-voltage switching equipment, complete electrical equipment, generators and engines, and headed a united concern Rosenergomash.

The media wrote about the social activities of Palihata as head of Rosenergomash, in particular, about his participation in various charitable projects. In 2009, Palihata as president of the concern signed an agreement on provision of charitable assistance to children of needy families of the Republic of Kalmykia («Rosenergomash» signed an agreement with this region to build the plant "Elista Energomash» in 2007). The media wrote about the support that Rosenergomash had been providing to local sports after becoming in 2007 the general sponsor of the Olympic Committee of Russia, and in 2009 — Partner of the Fund «International Sports Academy by Vladislav Tretiak». In October 2007 the President of the Russian Olympic Committee, Leonid Tyagachev and president of the concern Rosenergomash, Vladimir Palihata signed an agreement according to which the concern Rosenergomash became the General Sponsor of the Olympic Committee of Russia.

Vladimir Palihata is married and has three children.

Sources: Kommersant? 7 (4307) on 19.01.2010, IA "Regnum" from 20.04.2007

 

Dossier:

 

In 2000, Vladimir Palihata was mentioned in the press in connection with the criminal investigation of products falsification of the leading foreign companies-investors in the production of consumer goods in Russia. The main suspect in the case was Alexander Nozhkin, while Palihata was mentioned among the detainees, and in February 2000, he was in custody. The investigators, who conducted the case, had been suffering a strong pressure of the criminal organizations.

Source: Vedomosti? 18 (100) on 02.02.2000

 

In 2004, Palihata appeared in media publications as a leader of the investment company "Sphere", which the press accused of forceful takeover. Palihata was often associated with the famous raider- General Director of OOO "Business Contract" Nikolay Nesterenko, who had begun his career as a personal bodyguard Vladimir Palihata.

Source: Kommersant? 7 (4307) on 19/01/2010

 

By 2004 after four armed takeovers, Edward Taran gained control over Irkutsk plant Angarskcement (formerly Angarsk Cement Mining Plant). His business partner, Vladimir Palihata, head of the investment company Sphere, assisted Taran.

Source: The Moscow Post, 20 April 2010

 

Vladimir Palihata was accused of seizures of the Moscow Institute for designing plants of the basic chemical industry (Giprokhim) (later the brother of Vladimir Palihata- Ivan Mironovich Palihata became one of the owners of the institute), the Ulyanovsk plant «Kontaktor» and the building of the magazine staff «Novoe vremya” on Pushkin Square in Moscow. Palihata implemented the takeover of the magazine staff on the tip from the owner of the Moscow pub chain "Kruzhka", Eugene Antimony. Dmytry Minakov - CFO of the edition contributed to the change of owners of "Novoe vremya". Palihata also carried out takeover of the capital OAO "Metalist" — he agreed on the information transfer along with the counseling center "Protection Strategy", from which the heads of "Metalist" requested for the assistance to the company in difficult times. The plant's «Metalist» Takeover was produced by the methods of force, with the assistance of the MIA. Several criminal cases were initiated on those forceful takeovers, in particular, on takeover of "Metalist". But the owners did not manage to return the company captured by Palihata.

Source: solomin from 08.06.2006

 

Vladimir Palihata was accused of organizing forceful takeover of the Open Joint Stock Company "Scientific-Research Institute of Elastomer Materials and Products" (“NIIEMI”). The company "Sphere" (led by Palihata) first captured the building of the research institution in Moscow, and then took over management of the institute. After falsifying contracts for the sale of shares and holding several trials (the hearing of the case on transfer of the NIIEMI ownership was held in the court of the Shatsky District, the Ryazan region by judges agenda-driven of Palihata), then the company of Palihata became the stakeholder of the research institute. Later Palihata re-registered the institute under a new legal address in Novosibirsk. Afterwards "Sphere" sold the enterprise to the Moscow River Shipping Company, directed by Roman Trotsenko. Given the evidence, the law enforcement agencies instituted a number of criminal cases. One of them was against the raiders - Palihata's former guard Nikolay Nesterenko was indicted then, Director of OOO "Business Contract". Supporters of Palihata - against the legal director of the institute, Sergei Reznichenko, initiated another one criminal case. Furthermore, they rumored in the press about the contract murder organized by raiders in connection with the seizure of NIIEMI — then investigator from Karachay-Cherkessia who had been investigating the criminal case on forceful takeover of the institute - died in mysterious circumstances.

Source: Proceedings of 25.07.06

 

In 2005 Andrew Grivtsov, the investigator, worked in the Moscow prosecutor's office, and Ruslan Parkin was his immediate supervisor. Grivtsov was instructed to investigate the raider attacks on Research and Development Institute of Elastomers public corporation (NIIEMI), a case that mentioned Vladimir Palihata and Nikolai Nesterenko. Grivtsov managed to gather evidence proving Nesterenko involved in the raider activities, which resulted in his name being put on the wanted list. Palihata did not respond to summon notices; and as there was no heavy evidence against him, no criminal proceedings was initiated against him.

Source: Rosbalt, 24 February 2011

 

 

There is information on the Internet resources that in the 90's Palihata was a rank and file member of the Ukrainian criminal gang — the Ternopolsky OPG. When hiding from the law enforcement agencies, he moved to the village Bolshevo, the Moscow region. In 1999, Palihata became a defendant in the criminal case on article "Fraud" and "Forgery of documents" despite he had no Russian citizenship; he was arrested but soon released on bail. The criminal case was closed.

According to the Moscow Registration Chamber, cited by sources - at the beginning of 2000, Palihata was the owner of OOO «Granvey "and OOO "Streim Tour"; the authorized capital of both companies was nearly zero. At the same time, he acquired a cottage for a few million dollars near the village of Zhukovka, in the cottage village "Country-pro" and invested in real estate in England and France.

Palihata was accused of the fact that his participated in revocation of the "Sodbiznesbank" and "Kredittrastbank» licenses. The reason for revocation of the licenses served a conflict between Vladimir Palihata and the shadow owner of the affected banking institutions Alexander Slesareva for control of the metropolitan department store "Moscow". Palihata made the forceful takeover by the order of Roman Tsepov (owner of the security company "Baltic-Escort», who died under mysterious circumstances in September 2004 in St. Petersburg).

Together with Tsepov Palihata enlisted the support and patronage of the MIA senior officials - Vice Minister Andrey Novikov and Nikolay Ovchinnikov, deputy chief of operatively-search bureau of the Main Directorate of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation in the Central Federal District - Alexander Osipov, FSB general and Head of Economic Security of the Government of Moscow - Alexander Korsak, representatives of both chambers of the Federal Assembly, the heads of the Prosecutor General, Ministry of Justice, etc. A friend of Vladimir Putin, Leonid Tyagachev was on the side of Slesarev in the conflict. Palihata managed to win the fight; he received profits from the sale of captured department store to the U.S. Company in the amount of 25-30 million dollars. In October 2005, Alexander Slesarev and his family were killed on the federal highway "Don" — there was no information of Palihata's involvement in the shooting of Slesarev family. But they talked of Palihata's involvement in the poisoning of Roman Tsepov.

In February 2005 Palihata set contact with Boris Berezovsky, who recommended him to the owners of Yukos as a man who could save their assets., Boris Berezovsky planned to organize a campaign of his candidate for the Russian presidency in 2008 on the funds received from the projects of Palihata. According to the Ukrainian politicians Bogdan Gubskiy and Michael Brodsky, who had met with Berezovsky and Palihata, their campaign headquarters had been financed through Ivan Palihatu, the brother of Vladimir Palihata.

At the suggestion of Berezovsky, Palihata learnt that the businessman Suleiman Kerimov had received an order from Oleg Deripaska to acquire the company "Glavmosstroy». Palihata acquired a significant stake in OAO «Mospromstroymaterialy"- one of the major shareholders of Glavmosstroy - by quite unlawful means. The struggle between Kerimov and Palihata was hard: from the custom criminal cases up to the kidnapping. Palihata won, and in April 2006 he successfully sold for a song the stake he inherited in «Mospromstroymaterialy» of Oleg Deripaska - analysts estimate the amount of the transaction to more than $ 20 million.

Source: www.zahvat.ru on 2.08.2006

 

In 2007 Palihata was mentioned in the media as president of ZAO "Regional Community of the power machines" ("Rosenergomash") and the owner of 75 % of that company, and a year later the press told that the concern led by Palihata, which came to the Ukrainian market in 2007, carried out forceful takeover of the engineering enterprises of Ukraine, in particular, ZAO "Plant of large electrical machines" in the Kherson region, "Novokakhovsky Electric Machine Building Plant", "Elektromashina", "Etal". In July 2009, the structure of Palihata controlled half the volume of electric machines production in Ukraine.

Source: "Kommersant»? 6 / R (4306) on 18.01.2010, "New Region - Crimea" of 08.02.2008, "Southern Reporter" from 03.03.2008

 

Palihata became a victim in the criminal case of a bribe extortion of 15 million dollars. According to him, an investigator for particularly important cases of the main investigation department under the investigative committee at the Prosecutor's Office Minister - Andrey Grivtsov said that there was evidence of involvement of the head of "Rosenergomash" to the forceful takeover of the Institute of Elastomeric Materials and Products. The investigator suggested Palihata to pay for the failure of his criminal responsibility. Apart from investigator Grivtsov there were other suspects of the bribe extortion, those were a former deputy prosecutor of the Central District of Moscow - Ruslan Parkin, Head of Anti-Extremism Internal Affairs of Moscow - Sergey Hatsernov and mediator Sergei Kirimov. Andrew Grivtsov pleaded not guilty. At the same time, the ex-security guard of Palihata, Nikolay Nesterenko is now on trial - he has been charged in the seizure of the buildings of the Institute of Elastomeric Materials and Products and a forceful takeover of OAO «NIPKP "Terminal". The investigator Grivtsov had been leading the case of Nesterenko before his arrest. Grivtsov's Counsel told reporters that her client had been investigating the case of fraud and forceful takeover since 2005 and found that the main defendant in the criminal case was Vladimir Palihata. According to the counsel, Palihata "set up" Grivtsov in order to avoid a criminal liability.

There was a version published that not Grivtsov, but Sergei Kirimov had extorted money from Palihata, and when the latter refused to give the bribe, Kirimov appealed for help to a former investigator Parkin.

Sources: Kommersant »? 7 (4307) on 19.01.2010, www.gazeta.ru on 18.02.10

 

On January 14, 2010, Sergei Karimov, unemployed, was detained as a mediator after an attempt to withdraw 8 million dollars in Interkommertsbank. The second mediator, lawyer Ruslan Parkin, escaped and was put on the wanted list. Then followed the arrest of Grivtsov, the investigator. Basmanny district court issued a warrant for Grivtsov and Karimov to be arrested.

The Investigating Committee of the Russian Federation initiated a criminal case against a group of people headed by the investigator, Andrew Grivtsov, over bribe extortion of 15 million dollars. The case was initiated in January 2010 when the victim, Vladimir Palihata, Rosenergomash president, filed a claim.  Palihata said that the investigator Grivtsov blackmailed him with supposedly existing evidence linking the businessman to large-scale fraud, namely the attempt to illegally takeover the buildings of the Institute of Elastomers public corporation. According to Palihata, the investigator demanded large sums of money in exchange for taking no measures to motion prosecution of the businessman. 

Source: Kommersant, 11 November 2010

 

Senator Lyudmila Narusova, who literally inundated law enforcement agencies with questions, actively interrupted the 15 million dollars bribery case investigation. Narusova persistently requested senior officials in the prosecutor’s office and the Investigating Committee (Yuri Chaika and Alexander Bastrykin) to question those mentioned in the case, then to allow the lawyer to meet with suspects, and even offered to be questioned as a witness.

Source: Vazhno.ru, 18 February 2011

 

On March 18, 2011, charges against Andrew Grivtsov were put forward in their final version. He was indicted of crimes under art.30 part 3 and art. 290 part four of the Criminal Code (attempt of large-scale bribe extortion). “I will defend my innocence in a jury trial”, said Grivtsov. “My prosecution was motioned by Mr. Palihata whom I was about to accuse of large scale fraud." Lyudmila Narusova, member of the Council of Federation and friend of Mr. Palihata, became another source of problems for the investigator. "She used her legislator position to write more than 20 requests and letters to the investigation that are now attached to the case", said the investigator’s lawyer, Alexander Zabeyda. On March, 16, 2011 Narusova said in an interview that Vladimir Palihata did ask her assistance to protect him from blackmailing and she advised him to address the Attorney General, Yuri Chaika, personally. "He followed the advice and wrote a statement, I handed it over to the Attorney General,” said the senator.

Source: Kommersant, №47 (4588), 19 March 2011

 

The criminal case for fraud was filed yet in August 2006. The investigation has no doubt in the fact that the buildings are stolen. This is stated in black and white in all documents. Owner and the CEO of "Infiko" Vladimir Kasatkin officially recognized as a victim, and the objects themselves are formed as evidence.

In fact, the matter is quite loud about, it was repeatedly written about it in newspapers. In the original version, behind it was a group of well-known metropolitan raiders. One of them, Nikolay Nesterenko, was convicted a year ago in a different resonant case (raider seizure of NIIEMI) to 5 years.

Not less famous mam, Vladimir Palihata, also appeared in it. Mass media called him the largest specialist in mergers and acquisitions. Last name of Palihata surfaced in connection with the seizure of the same NIIEMI and Giprokhim Institute, and the editorial board of "New time". In 2001, he was sentenced to 2 years for fraud, but pardoned.

(I recommend: search this name of the online search engine. You will read a lot of interesting things...)

But here's the paradox. Despite the evidence of a crime, it cannot be solved for 5 years. Blaming had not still presented to anyone.

However, such attempts have been made. In August 2008, the investigator of the Investigative Committee of the Interior Ministry issued an order to attract a group of persons as accused. In the black list were listed Nesterenko as well as Palihata, and 6 people else. However, after a few days in case in emergency procedure was transferred from the Ministry of Internal Affairs to the UPC (future TFR), where it began to damp safely. Palihata was brought out of a number of suspects, and Nesterenko, though he was arrested (in another case), is not yet prosecuted for 2 years already. Any active investigative actions are not carried out.

"Moscovskiy comsomolets". 07.09.2011

 

Over the past couple of months, Kirsan Ilyumzhinov has announced billions of dollars for investment. Where would he take such money? They are not needed - in fact Ilyumzhinov in most cases acts as a lobbyist and mediator...

Energy. Along with "Rosenergomash" of Vladimir Palihata, "Ural" structures planned to build "Elista Energomash" in Kalmykia electrical plant. Palikhata recalls that the draft 25% of the shares was to withdraw to Kalmykia. "But because of the low human resource capacity in the country, we have refused, "Rosenergomash" built a factory in Kharkov," - says Palihata. According to him, he is familiar with Ilyumzhinov about 15 years, but they have no joint business projects.

"Vedomosti". 13.08.2012

 

First Karaulov suddenly became interested in the story about a criminal record, which allegedly was at the ex-Senator Boris Spiegel, and began to send letters to various organizations for their personal signature with a request for comments. And the "moment of truth" from Karaulov started circling here also.

Furthermore the article has a video, posted on YouTube, in which Karaulov gives an open comment to some journalists on this subject - all in the same "chopped" style, saying, "I answer for my words." The bottom line is that he deals with this subject, and, they say, will surely bring it to the end. But when lawyers of Spiegel responded to these letters and asked the "Moment of Truth", Karaulov immediately denied all these "insinuations", openly declaring that the letter for his signature - is a fake, that he does not conduct any investigation. And, just as he said, some "bad" people are sending requests on the form of his program, not putting him in popularity. Anchorman even hinted, where from can "legs grow" - from an entrepreneur Vladimir Palihata, who has material claims to a son-in-law of Spiegel, related to the Ukrainian bank. But he, they say, as "an honest journalist," will, so to speak, "razrulit" (solve) all of this, they say.

Indeed, Spiegel lawyers receive the refutation (scan published below) exactly on the same form, with exactly the same signature, which states that all of the previous questions - are a lie, the program "Moment of Truth" was not going to conduct any investigation in relation to Spiegel ever.

"Century". 09/12/2013

 

The scandal around the OJSC "Department store "Moscow", which owns the eponymous shopping mall on Leninsky Prospekt, continues. So the ex-CEO of department store "Moscow" Dmitry Ulianitsky complained to the FAS for the violation of the order of organizing and holding an auction for the sale of the building department, reported correspondent The Moscow Post in FAS. As it turned out, in this case might be involved scandalously known businessman Vladimir Palihata, whose name was not once mentioned in connection with corporate raids.

Rumor has it that in the prosecution of the former leaders of department concerned the current largest shareholder and creditor of "Moscow" - the president of "Rosenergomash" Vladimir Palihata, structures of which owns about 90% of the shares and the same percentage of his debts.

Moreover, there are rumors that Palihata gained a control of the asset as a result of raider attacks.

The history of the capture began in the mid-2000s. It was then, Palihata was accused that with his participation the license of "Sodbiznesbank" and "Kredittrastbank" were revoked.

But the reason for the revoking licenses served the raider conflict between Vladimir Palihata and shady owner of the affected banking institutions Alexander Slesarev for the control of the capital's department store "Moscow". ... In the end, with the help of the security forces Palihata managed to win this fight at Slesarev. So Palikhata received a profit from the sale of the captured department store to an American company in the amount of $ 25-30 million.

But Palihata opponent was unable to continue the fight, since in October 2005 Alexander Slesarev and his family were killed on the federal highway "Don". Unidentified killers shot their car.

It is not hard to guess - whom it was profitable to.

"Moscvu post." 27.08.2012

 

The possible collapse of the criminal case against former investigator of RIC Andrew Grivtsov can have serious consequences for the president of the company "Rosenergomash" Vladimir Palihata, reported correspondent of The Moscow Post by independent experts. After all, if Grivtsov would be justified, he, according to experts, may prosecute Palihata to a criminal responsibility.

By the way, Andrew Grivtsov has his own website, where his version of the situation with the president of the company "Rosenergomash" Vladimir Palihata is stated! Grivtsov himself says that Vladimir Palihata staged an extortion to destroy the criminal case about raiding in such a way. Senior patrons, particularly Senator Lyudmila Narusova, who wrote more than 20 letters and requests investigation, which attached to the case, helped him to avoid the criminal responsibility, according to Mr. Grivtsov.

By the way, as it turned out, Palihata is connected with other scandalous oligarchs who are also considered raiders!

Therefore, in February 2005 Palihata made a contact with Boris Berezovsky, who recommended him to the owners of "YUKOS", as the man, who will save their assets. From the funds, received from the sale of Palihata projects, Boris Berezovsky was planning to organize a campaign of their candidate for the Russian presidency in 2008. According to Ukrainian politicians Bogdan Gubsky and Michael Brodsky, who met with Berezovsky and Palihata, financing of their election headquarters was carried out through Ivan Palihata, the brother of Vladimir Palihata.

However, in addition to links with oligarchs, the merchant "lit up" in a number of other seizures. So, for example, Vladimir Palihata was also accused in the seizure of the Moscow Institute for the design of plants of basic chemical industry (Giprokhim) (later one of the owners of the institute became the brother of Vladimir Palihata Ivan Myronovych Palihata), the Ulyanovsk plant "Contactor" and the editorial office of "New Times magazine" on the Pushkin Square in Moscow.

Palihata carried out the capture of the magazine with a feed of an owner of a supply network of the Moscow pubs "Mug" Eugene Antimony. Dmitry Minakov, CFO of the publishing, contributes to the change of owners of "New time". Palihata implemented  the capture of the capital of OJSC "Metallist" also - has agreed to transfer the information to the Advisory Centre "defense strategy", where the leadership of "Metalist" appealed for help in difficult times for the company.

Capture of "Metallist" plant was produced with the help of force methods, with the assistance of members of the Interior Ministry. Several criminal cases were initiated in regard of the raids, in particular, on seizure of the "Metalist", but the owners could not return companies, captured by Palihata.

"Moscvu post." 04/25/2014

 

Chess is a common sport, which is favorite for tens of thousands of chess players. Officially, the amount of 10,000 people are seriously engaged in chess in Russia, herewith there are more ordinary fans in the country. Moscow Chess Federation, headed by its acting president, who is now Vladimir Palihata, helps to develop the domestic chess sport.

earth-chronicles.ru. 05/23/2014

 

To find out what happens to the "CDL", the editor of The Village Anna Maslovskaya talked with the owner of the restaurant, a successful businessman Vladimir Palihata, about why he stopped cooperating with Ragout team, what that business means for him and what should be the legendary restaurant now, on his opinion...

I do not know whether it interests them. There is, for example, the restaurant "Old Phaeton." It is not far from here. Certain people go there, and it is obvious that not for the food only. Often a certain environment forms around the owner, Management Company or boss. There is also a quite specific contingent around Mitya Borisov. Who came here with you, and who remained from the past?

 - Look, here is the idea. You can select a different concept, it is, probably, very difficult without a concept now. But it seems to me that the "CDL" and the history of the building itself already has set a format and approach. I believe that there should be a democratic place and at prices and in spirit. The kitchen, of course, can only be Russian. As for the people, of course, I would like that it would be correct, reasonable people. Of course, given that it is the Writers House, it was here and will always be. I would like people, who are interested in literature, theater, cinema and so on to come here.

The "Phaeton", of course, has its own audience, probably wondering of Caucasian cuisine, maybe even with some features. I would like just good people to come in the "CDL" first of all. As for business, the restaurant is really a very difficult business, but very interesting. That you know, I even have the idea of going to a course, go to study, because for me it is a kind of stress relief.

the-village.ru. 28/10/2014

 

Meanwhile, the relevant Russian authorities would be worth to take a closer look at the actions of these gentlemen, who work "at the crossroads" of Russia and Ukraine and with the same ruthlessness ruining businesses in both countries to seize assets.  Other Russian-Ukrainian businessman Vladimir Palihata, whose tracks intersect with our hero and whose handwriting of "spinning" of successful business is extremely similar with them, became not less famous with corporate raids, then Hovanov. In 2005, as reported by "Izvestiya", he was charged with the organization of a raider seizure of the Moscow "Research Institute of Elastomer Materials and Products." After the initiation of the criminal case, Palihata and his henchman Nesterenko hastily left Russia, settling in Kiev and Monte Carlo. On the independent country, as reported by mass media, Vladimir Palihata also left traces: the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine notes that Ukrainian enterprises were captured by his structures in the classic raider schemes.

"New Sheet." 04/13/2015

 

Astra Bank failed to regain previously sold real estate in Kiev on Obolonskiy Limes in judicial way.

Kyiv Economic Court in early July, has decided to dismiss the interim administration of PJSC Astra Bank to "Clover Management", which has acquired a three-story building in the capital ....

It should be noted that the transaction had been agreed at the level of the bank's supervisory board, its members represent the interests of the company Kalouma Holdings Limited, the purchaser of benefits of which was Nikolay Lagun, which also owns "Delta Bank". He also, until recently, was the main founder of the "Clover Management", although now he officially has no relation to the company. ..

The most important fact in this conflict: one of the owners of Kalouma Holdings Limited became a British citizen Vladimir Palihata. In Russia Palihata is called "Ternopolsky raider", as he comes from the Ternopolsky region and marked in the field of corporate conflicts. Especially in Russia. His group is known as the "Rosenergomash", on the name of the concern, where he is a president.

Currently Kalouma Holdings Limited is fighting for another insolvent asset of Lagun - "Omega Bank." They try to get a control over it through the NBU.

Given the experience and communications of Vladimir Palihata, it is very likely to assume that all of these assets will be transferred to the ownership of Kalouma Holdings Limited in the near future.

Skelet-info.org.17.07.2015

 

Recruiting "the top management of the well-known shoe holding "TsentrObuv", well known raider Vladimir Palihata bankrupts the company, bringing the remains of assets to the controlled structure at the same time. Leonid Venzhik carries out an operational management of the holding company - Palihata childhood friend, who, in turn, is based on the number of shareholders of the company.

"Criminal Russia". 02/24/2016